When using scaling and root planing as a gum disease treatment, a periodontist will begin with a very precise cleaning of the root surface. It is common for the root to become covered in a hardened grayish film which is really just tartar below the gum line. Bacteria breed rapidly behind this tartar and the toxins they produce cause the root to degenerate. In order to stop this process, the tartar must first be removed from the periodontal pockets that form as a result of the condition. When removing the tartar during this non-surgical gum disease treatment, the periodontist will also smooth (plane) the surface of the root itself. In order for the pockets to close and the gums to reattach to the tooth, a smooth surface is necessary. In doing so, much of the bacteria and the toxins they produce will be removed as well. However, it is still common for the periodontist to also give the patient an antimicrobial treatment to kill off any remaining bacteria.